Consequently, the expansion and exploitation of more efficient antioxidants of accepted derivation are considered necessary. A variety of therapeutic plants report to have anti-cancer as well as anti-inflammatory activity in the Ayurvedic structure of medication. Solanum surattense and Solanum nigrum are solitary of them which act as anti-cancer as well as anti-inflammatory activity(Zhong, 2006; Lim, 2005).

Solanum surattense belong to family solanaceae, is a persistent herb along with it is well thought-out to be one of the mainly valuable conventional remedy in India. Medicinally, it is used to treat for cough, asthma as well as rheumatism. Solanum surattense is a medicinally important prostrate herb with scattered stellate hairs and prickly stem. This plant has high concentration of solasodine, a starting material for the manufacture of cortisone(Heiser, 1969). It grows widely in Pakistan up to 1300m and as well in other parts of world below the analogous climatic and geographical conditions(Stewart, 1972; Nasir,1985).

Solanum nigrum belong to family solanaceae(Mbagwu et al., 2007) and generally it is identified as black night shade, makoy, deadly nightshade. It is an erect annual herb and the juice of this plant is diuretic as it is used to alleviate chronic enlargement of liver, piles, dysentery along with fever(Kumar et al., 1995). It possesses curative properties similar to antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, cytotoxic properties, antiulcerogenic, in addition to hepatoprotective activity(Al-Fatimi et al., 2007). It is a impending herbal unconventional as anti-cancer agent along with one of the dynamic ethics report to be conscientious for this exploit is Diosgenin(Yamada et al., 2007).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Collection:

Authentic samples: Various market samples of Solanum surattense and Solanum nigrum were procured from Chunnilal Attar Ayurvedic Store, Ghat Gate, Jaipur in the month of March, 2010.

Identification:

All the samples were authenticated and were given identification number. The identification was as follows:

These samples were authenticated and submitted in Ethnomedicinal Herbarium, Centre of Excellence funded by DST, MGiaS, Jaipur (Rajasthan).

Processing of plant materials:

During the course of the study each sample was screened for its foreign matter and milled, before use.

Experimental details:

Present studies were performed on Solanum surattense and Solanum nigrum for the following studies-.

1. Phytochemical test of plant extract

2. Antioxidant Potentials of Methanolic extract of plant

1. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING:

Phytochemical screening was performed using standard procedure:

TEST FOR REDUCING SUGARS (FEHLINGS TEST):

The aqueous ethanol extract (0.5gm in 5 ml of water) was added to boiling fehling’s solution (A and B) in a test tube. The solution was observed for a colour reaction.

TEST FOR TERPENOIDES (SALKOWSKI TEST):

To 0.5 gm each of the extract was added to 2ml of chloroform. Concentrated sulphuric acid (3ml) was carefully added to form a layer. Reddish brown coloration of the interface indicates the presence of terpenoides.

TEST FOR FLAVONOIDES:

4ml of extract solution was treated with 1.5ml of 50% methanol solution. The solution was warmed and metal magnesium was added. To this solution, 5-6 drops of concentrated Hydrochloride acid was added and red colour was observed for flavonoids and orange color for flavons.

TEST FOR TANNINS:

About 0.5 g of the extract was boiled in 10ml of water in a test tube and then filtered. A few drops of 0.1% ferric chloride was added and observed for brownish green or a blue-black coloration.

TEST FOR SAPONINS:

To 0.5 g of extract was added 5 ml of distilled water in a test tube. The solution was shaken vigorously. And observed for a stable persistent froth. The frothing was mixed with 3 drops of olive oil and shaken vigorously after which it was observed for the formation of an emulsion.

TEST FOR ALKALOIDS

Alkaloids solutions produce white yellowish precipitate when a few drops of Mayer’s reagents are added. Most alkaloids are precipitated from neutral or slightly acidic solution by Mayer’s regent.

The alcoholic extract was heated on a boiling water bath with 2% hydrochloric acid. After cooling, the mixture was filtered and treated with a few drops of mayer’s reagent. The sample was then observed for the turbidity or yellow precipitation.

2. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:

Preparation of test extracts:

All the test plant sample and their adulterants were milled and refluxed in ethanol for 36 h, filtered, concentrated to dryness in vacuum. A portion of ethanolic extract was further successively extracted in pet. ether, benzene, chloroform, alcohol and water, concentrated and stored at minimum temperature, until used.

Preparation of DPPH:

DPPH (2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl, C₁₈H₁₂N₅O₆; Hi media) 0.8 mg was dissolved in 10 ml methanol to obtain a concentration of 0.08 mg/ml for antioxidative (qualitative and quantitative) assay.

Qualitative assay:

Each successive extract (10 mg) was dissolved in 10 ml of its suitable solvent to get a concentration of 1 mg/ml and from this, 0.25µl was taken with the help of micropipette, applied on silica gel G coated plates. These circular spots were sprayed with DPPH solution, allowed to stand for 30 min. When DPPH reacts with an antioxidant compound, which can donate hydrogen, it is reduced, and the changes in colour (from deep- violet to light- yellow on white) were recorded at 517 nm on a UV spectrophotometer (Varian Cary PCB 150, Water Peltier System).

Quantitative assay:

A concentration of 1 mg/ml of ethanolic extract of each test sample was prepared to obtain different concentrations (10²µg to 10^-3 µg/ ml). Each diluted solution (2.5 ml each) was mixed with DPPH (2.5ml). The samples were kept in the dark for 15 min at room temperature and then the decrease in absorption was measured. Absorption of blank sample containing the same amount of methanol and DPPH solution was prepared and measured. The UV absorbance was recorded at 517 nm. The experiment was done in triplicate and the average absorption was noted for each concentration. Data were processed using EXCEL and concentration that cause 50% reduction in absorbance (RC₅₀) was calculated. The same procedure was also followed for the standards- quercetin and ascorbic acid.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Table 1: Optical density of Solanum surattense and Solanum nigrum on different concentrations.

Concentration (µg/ml)	Solanum surattense (Yellow Barried Nightshade)	Solanum nigrum (Makoy)
Concentration (µg/ml)	O.D (nm)	O.D. (nm)
0.001	0.611	1.344
0.01	0.582	0.929
0.1	0.550	0.898
1	0.534	0.855
10	0.521	0.538
100	0.513	0.442
1000	0.507	0.671

In present screening, attempts have been made to search for methanolic extract having potentials as antioxidant agents as now a days due to food habits most of people suffering from degenerative diseases and to cure such diseases there is an urgent need of such extract having potent antioxidant activity. Methanolic extracts of different plants show antioxidant activity comparable to ascorbic acid.

In Solanum surattense, through the present investigation it was showed that the maximum optical density comes out to be 0.611 nm which is at the concentration 10^-3 µg/ml and the smallest optical density is 0.507 nm which is at the concentration 10³µg/ml where as the other shows comparable O.D at different concentrations i.e. 0.582 nm at 10^-2µg/ml, 0.550 nm at 10^-1 µg/ml, 0.534 nm at 1µg/ml,0.521 nm at 10¹ µg/ml, 0.513 nm at 10²µg/ml.

In Solanum nigrum, through the present investigation it was showed that the maximum optical density comes out to be 1.344 nm which is at the concentration 10^-3 µg/ml and the smallest optical density is 0.442 nm which is at the concentration 10²µg/ml where as the other shows comparable O.D at different concentrations i.e. 0.929 nm at 10^-2µg/ml, 0.898 nm at 10^-1 µg/ml, 0.855 nm at 1µg/ml,0.538 nm at 10¹ µg/ml, 0.671 nm at 10³µg/ml.

Fig 1: Antioxidant Activity of Solanum surattense and Solanum nigrum at different concentration.

In the present investigations antioxidant activity of Solanum surattense and Solanum nigrum showed appreciable activity against the DPPH assay method where the regression line clear cut showed the effectiveness of it as it’s have potentials which are comparable to ascorbic acid. The antioxidant activity of Solanum surattense and Solanum nigrum in methanolic extract using DPPH assay method (Tahao, 1994) shows appreciable activity comparable to standard ascorbic acid. The straight line showed Y= -0.182x+1.776 and regression = 0.838 whereas, in above drug i.e. Solanum surattense the straight line is Y= -0.119x+1.29 and regression = 0.746 and in Solanum nigrum the straight line is Y= -0.017x+0.613 and regression = 0.919.

Table 2: Showing phytochemical screening results of Solanum surattense and Solanum nigrum.

PLANTS	Solanum surattense (Yellow Barried Nightshade)	Solanum nigrum (Makoy)
TEST
Reducing sugar	-	-ve
Saponin	+	-ve
Tannin	+	-ve
Terpenoides	-	+
Flavonoids	-ve	-ve
Alkaloids	-	-ve

The phytochemical screening of plants studied showed the presence of saponin and tannin only in Yellow barried nightshade where as they are absent in Makoy. Only terpenoides were present in Makoy and it shows no result against flavonoids and alkaloids respectively. These screening of the plants makes only a little differences in the ingredient of the hardened plants. These two plants exhibit burly antioxidant activity supplementary or in a smaller amount. The presence of these test in the plants is likely to be responsible for the free radical scavenging effects observed.

CONCLUSION:

From the study we evidently reveal that the methanolic extract of Solanum surattense and Solanum nigrum can efficiently scavenge an assortment of reactive oxygen species or free radicals beneath in vitro conditions. It occurs appropriate to a numeral of stabilize oxidation products that it can form after oxidation or from radical scavenging. Thorough plant source possibly will get innovative innate commodities into pharmaceutical, cosmetic as well as food production. In the current work, the soaring antioxidant capacity experimental for methanolic extract of whole plant of Solanum surattense and Solanum nigrum recommend that it may possibly play a function in preventing human being diseases in which free radicals are concerned, such as cancer, ageing along with cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore the Phytochemical screening of these two plants possess a little difference in which Solanum surattense possess the presence of large amount of saponin and tannin with Solanum nigrum which possess the occurrence of terpenoids and this will exhibit the antioxidant activity by the side it promotes a remedy for cure of various disease. Both of these plants exhibit antioxidant activity which reveals that they reduce the effect of damage induce by bedbugs and this will lead to their role in an assortment of various diseases.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

Author acknowledge with thanks the financial support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of Rajasthan, in the form of Centre with Potentials for Excellence in Biotechnology, sanction no F 7(17) (9) Wipro/Gaprio/2006/7358-46(31/10/2008).

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Received on 20.09.2012

Modified on 14.10.2012

Accepted on 25.10.2012

Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 4(6): November–December, 2012, 332-335